The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in It was initially a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric GEhowever in GE was required to divest its control as part of the settlement of an antitrust suit. At its height as an independent company RCA was the dominant communications firm in the United States. Beginning in the s it was a major manufacturer of radio receivers, and also developed the first national radio network, the National Broadcasting Company NBC.

It had a leading role in the introduction of black-and-white television in the s and s, and color television in the s and s. During this time the company was closely identified with the leadership of David Sarnoff, who was general manager at its founding, became company president inand remained active, as chairman of the board, until the end of In the s RCA began to falter, suffering major loses in the mainframe computer industry and other failed projects such as videodisks.

In it was reacquired by General Electric, which over the next few years sold off most of the RCA assets. The RCA trademarks are currently owned by Sony Music Entertainment and Technicolorwhich in turn license the brand name to other companies including Voxx InternationalCurtis International, and TCL Corporation for their individual products. RCA originated as a reorganization of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America commonly called "American Marconi".

Inthe Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company, Limited, was founded in London to promote the radio then known as "wireless telegraphy" inventions of Guglielmo Marconi. As part of a worldwide expansion, in American Marconi was organized as a subsidiary company, holding the rights to the use the Marconi patents in the United States and Cuba.

With the entry of the United States into World War One in Aprilmost civilian radio stations were taken over by government, to be used for the war effort. Although the overall U.

Defying instructions to the contrary, the Navy began purchasing large numbers of stations outright. With the conclusion of the conflict, Congress turned down the Navy's efforts to have peacetime control of the radio industry, and instructed the Navy to make plans to return the commercial stations it controlled, including the ones it had improperly purchased, to the original owners.

Due to national security considerations, the Navy was particularly concerned about returning the high-powered international stations to American Marconi, since a majority of its stock was in foreign hands, and the British already largely controlled the international undersea cables. This concern was increased by the announcement in late of the formation of the Pan-American Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Company, a joint venture between American Marconi and the Federal Telegraph Company, with plans to set up service between the United States and South America.

The Navy had installed a high-powered Alexanderson alternatorbuilt by General Electric GEat the American Marconi transmitter site in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It proved to be superior for transatlantic transmissions to the spark transmitters that had been traditionally used by the Marconi companies. Marconi officials were so impressed by the capabilities of the Alexanderson alternators that they began making preparations to adopt them as their standard transmitters for international communication.

A tentative plan made with General Electric proposed that over a two-year period the Marconi companies would purchase most of GE's alternator production.

However, this proposal was met with disapproval, on national security grounds, by the U. Navy, which was concerned that this would guarantee British domination of international radio communication. The Navy, claiming it was acting with the support of President Wilson, looked for an alternative that would result in an "all-American" company taking over the American Marconi assets.

In April two naval officers, Admiral H. Bullard and Commander S. Hoopermet with GE's president, Owen D. Youngasking that he suspend the pending alternator sales to the Marconi companies. This would leave General Electric without a buyer for its transmitters, so the officers proposed that GE purchase American Marconi, and use the assets to form its own radio communications subsidiary.

Young consented to this proposal, which, effective November 20,transformed American Marconi into the Radio Corporation of America.

RCA's incorporation papers required that its officers needed to be U. RCA retained most of the American Marconi staff, although Owen Young became the new company's head as the chairman of the board. Former American Marconi vice president and general manager E.

Nally become RCA's first president. Nally's term ended on December 31,and he was succeeded the next day by Major General James G. Harbord in turn resigned the presidency on January 3,replacing Owen D.

Young as the company's chairman of the board.

He was succeeded, as RCA's third president, by David Sarnoff, who had been the company's general manager at its founding. RCA worked closely with the federal government, and felt it deserved to maintain its predominant role in U.

At the company's recommendation, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Rear Admiral Bullard "to attend the stockholders' and director's meetings As of its founding RCA was the largest radio communications firm in the United States.

The result was a series of negotiations and a complicated set of cross-licensing agreements between various companies. The United Fruit Company held a small portfolio of radio patents, and signed two agreements in Following these transactions, GE owned InRCA agreed to occupy the yet-to-be-constructed landmark building of the Rockefeller Center complex, 30 Rockefeller Plazawhich in became known as the RCA building now the Comcast Building.

This lease was critical for enabling the massive project to proceed as a commercially viable venture — David Rockefeller cited RCA's action as being responsible for "the salvation of the project". RCA's primary business objectives at its founding were to provide equipment and services for seagoing vessels, and "worldwide wireless" communication in competition with the undersea cables. To provide the international service, the company soon undertook a massive project to build a "Radio Central" communications hub at Rocky Point, Long Island, New York, designed to achieve "the realization of the vision of communication engineers to transmit messages to all points of the world from a single centrally located source".

The circular Radio Central site encompassed 10 square miles 25 square kilometerswith a transmission building, located at the hub, projected to ultimately house ten Alexanderson alternator transmitters. The plan called for 12 "antenna spokes" to be built, stretching out in all directions from the center. Each spoke was nearly nearly three miles 4. Construction began in Julyand the site was dedicated on November 5,after two of the antenna spokes had been completed, and two of the kilowatt alternators installed.

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The debut transmissions received replies from stations in 17 countries. Although the initial installation would remain in operation, the additional antenna spokes and alternator installations would not be completed, due to a major discovery about radio signal propagation.

While investigating transmitter "harmonics" — unwanted additional radio signals produced at higher frequencies than a station's normal transmission frequency — Westinghouse's Frank Conrad unexpectedly found that in some cases the harmonics could be heard farther than the primary signal, something previously thought impossible, as high-frequency shortwave signals, which had poor groundwave coverage, were thought to have a very limited transmission range.

InConrad demonstrated to Sarnoff that a low-powered shortwave station in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania could be readily received in London by a simple receiver using a curtain rod as an antenna, matching, at a small fraction of the cost, the performance of the massive alternator transmitters.

The Alexanderson alternators, control of which had led to RCA's formation, were now considered obsolete, and international communication would be primarily conducted using vacuum tube transmitters operating on shortwave bands. RCA would continue to operate international telecommunications services for the remainder of its existence, through its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc.

International shortwave was in turn largely supplanted by communications satellites, especially for distributing network radio and television programming. Inthe company formed RCA American Communicationswhich operated its Satcom series of geostationary communications satellites.

The introduction of organized radio broadcasting in the early s resulted in a dramatic reorientation and expansion of RCA's business activities. The development of vacuum tube radio transmitters made audio transmissions practical, in contrast with the earlier transmitters which were limited to sending the dits-and-dahs of Morse code.

Since at leastwhen he was still at American Marconi, David Sarnoff had proposed establishing broadcasting stations, but his memos to management promoting the idea for sales of a "Radio Music Box" had not been followed up at the time.

Starting around a small number of broadcasting stations began operating, and soon interest in the innovation was spreading nationwide. In the summer ofa Madison Square Garden employee, Julius Hopp, devised a plan to raise charitable funds by broadcasting, from ringside, the July 2, Dempsey-Carpentier heavyweight championship fight to be held in Jersey City, New Jersey.

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Hopp recruited theaters and halls as listening locations that would charge admission fees to be used as charitable donations. He also contacted RCA's J. Andrew White, the acting president of the National Amateur Wireless Association NAWAan organization originally formed by American Marconi which had been inherited by RCA. White agreed to recruit the NAWA membership for volunteers to provide assistance at the listening sites, and also enlisted David Sarnoff for financial and technical support.

RCA was authorized to set up a temporary longwave radio station, located in Hoboken a short distance from the match site, and operating under the call letters WJY. For the broadcast White and Sarnoff telephoned commentary from ringside, which was typed up and then read over the air by J. The demonstration was a technical success, with a claimed audience oflisteners throughout the northeast. RCA quickly moved to expand its broadcasting activities.

In the fall of it set up its first fulltme broadcasting station, WDYat the Roselle Park, New Jersey company plant. By RCA was operating three stations — WJZ now WABC and WJY in New York City, and WRC now WTEM in Washington, D. The company also created the first radio network, centered on its New York City station WEAF now WFANusing its long distance telephone lines to interconnect stations.

This allowed them to economize by having multiple stations carry the same program. RCA and its partners soon faced an economic crisis, as the costs of providing la mejor estrategia forex threatened to exceed the funds available from equipment profits.

This purchase also included the right to begin commercial operations. NBC formed two radio networks that eventually expanded nationwide: Although NBC was originally promoted as expecting to just break even economically, it soon became very profitable, which would be an important factor in helping RCA survive the economic pressures of the Great Depression that began in Concerned that NBC's control of two national radio networks gave it too much power over the industry, in the Federal Communications Commission FCC promulgated a rule designed to force NBC to divest one of them.

S Supreme Court, and on October 12,the Read sms earn money without investment network was sold to candy magnate Edward What is an nso stock option. The "Red" network retained the NBC name, and remained under RCA ownership.

For two decades the NBC radio network's roster of stars provided ratings consistently surpassing those of its main competitor, the Columbia Broadcasting System CBS. But inas the transition from radio to garments stock lot buyer india was beginning, NBC's leadership came under attack due to what became known as the "Paley raids", named after the president of CBS, William S.

Paley worked out an accounting technique whereby individual performers could set up corporations that allowed their earnings to be taxed at the significantly lower rate. Instead of NBC responding with a similar package, Sarnoff decided successful stock signals for traders and portfolio managers download this accounting method was legally and ethically wrong.

NBC's performers did not agree, stock market practice investing most of the top stars, including Amos and AndyJack BennyRed SkeltonEdgar BergenBurns and AllenEd WynnFred WaringAl JolsonGroucho Marx and Frank Sinatra moved from NBC to CBS.

As a result, in CBS now boasted of having sixteen of the twenty top rated programs. The consequences would carry over to television, where CBS maintained its newfound dominance for decades. Paley had personally worked to woo the performers, while Trading forex profit konsisten professed his indifference to the defections, stating at an annual meeting that "Leadership built over the years on a foundation of solid service cannot be snatched overnight by buying a few high-priced comedians.

Leadership is not a laughing matter. RCA acted as the sales agent for a small line of Westinghouse and GE branded receivers and parts used by home constructors, originally for a limited market of amateur radio enthusiasts.

Bythe rise of broadcasting had dramatically increased the demand for radio equipment by the general public, and this development was reflected in the title of RCA's June 1, catalog, "Radio Enters the Home".

Although the patent cross-licensing agreements had been intended to give the participants domination of equipment sales, the tremendous growth of john burch stockbroker market led to fierce competition, and in RCA fell behind Atwater Kent as the leader in receiver sales. However, it made a key advance in early when it began to sell the first superheterodyne receivers, whose high level of performance increased the brand's reputation and popularity.

Until late all the RCA receivers ran on batteries, but at that point plug-in AC sets were introduced, which provided another boost in sales.

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RCA inherited American Marconi's status as a major producer of vacuum tubes, which were branded Radiotron in the United States. Especially after the rise of broadcasting, they make money songwriting a major netdania forex & stocks source for the company.

RCA's strong patent position meant that the company effectively set the selling prices for vacuum tubes in the U. RCA was responsible for creating a series of innovative cisco unified communications manager licensing options, ranging from octal base metal tubes co-developed with General Electric before World War II, to miniaturized Nuvistor tubes forex valiutu birza in the tuners of the New Vista series of TV sets.

The Nuvistor tubes were a last major vacuum tube innovation, and were meant to compete with the newly introduced transistor. ByRCA had completely switched from tubes to solid-state devices in their television sets, except for the cathode ray tube CRT picture tube. The rise of radio broadcasting, which provided free entertainment, caused significant financial problems throughout the established record industry. InRCA purchased the ailing Victor Talking Machine australia day trading hours 2013 woolworthsthen the world's largest manufacturer of both records and phonograph players, including its showcase "Victrola" line.

This acquisition was organized as a new subsidiary called RCA Victorand included majority ownership of the Victor Open online shop to make money traduzir of Japan JVC. With this purchase RCA acquired the western hemisphere rights to use the dalmatian Nipper " His Master's Voice " trademark.

The acquisition of Victor also gave RCA superior manufacturing and distribution capability through how do heat rate call options work newly acquired factories in Camden, New Jerseywhich began manufacturing radios in addition to phonographs and records.

RCA began selling the first electric phonograph in InRCA introduced the Duo Jr. RCA also made investments in the movie industry, but they performed poorly. In April RCA Photophone, Inc. In the fall ofRCA had purchased stock in Film Booking Hedging forex expert advisor FBOand on October 25,with the help of Joseph P. Kennedythe Radio-Keith-Orpheum Corporation RKO studio was formed by merging FBO with Keith-Albee-Orpheum Corporation KAOa company whose holdings included motion picture theaters.

The theaters in which RKO had an interest provided a potential market for the RCA Photophone sound systems. RCA ownership of RKO stock expanded from approximately 25 percent in to approximately 61 percent in RCA sold its holdings in order to raise funds for its basic operations.

Following years of how to earn playfish cash on restaurant city complaints that the cross-licensing agreements between RCA, GE and Westinghouse had in effect created spheres-of-influence for the participating companies, resulting in illegal monopolies, in the U. Department of Justice brought antitrust charges against the three companies.

In they accepted a counter trading forex agreement which removed the restrictions established by the cross-licensing agreements, and also provided that RCA would become a fully independent company.

As a result, GE and Westinghouse gave up their ownership interests in RCA, while RCA was allowed to keep its factories. In order to give Binary option franco a chance to establish itself, GE and Westinghouse were required to refrain from competing in the radio business for the next two and one-half years.

RCA began TV development in earlyafter an overly optimistic Vladimir K. Following what would actually be many years of additional research and millions of dollars, RCA demonstrated an all-electronic black-and-white television system at the New York World's Fair.

RCA began regular experimental television broadcasting from the NBC studios to the New York metropolitan area on April 30, via station W2XBS, channel 1 which evolved into WNBC channel 4 from a transmitter atop the Empire State Building. At the same time, RCA began selling its first television set models in various New York stores. Concerned that RCA's broadcasts were an attempt to flood the market with sets that would force it to adopt RCA's current technology, the FCC stepped in to limit its broadcasts.

Following the adoption of National Television System Committee NTSC recommended standards, the FCC authorized the start of commercial television broadcasts on July 1, The entry of the United States into World War II a few months later greatly slowed its deployment, but RCA resumed selling television receivers almost immediately after the war ended in Inthe FCC adopted a standard for color television that had been promoted by CBS, but the effort soon failed, primarily because the color broadcasts could not be received by existing black-and-white sets.

As the result of a major research push, RCA engineers developed a method of "compatible" color transmissions that, through the use of interlacing, simultaneously broadcast color and black-and-white images, which could be picked up by both color and existing black-and-white sets. InRCA's all-electronic color Emerging markets stock index fund admiral shares technology was adopted as the standard for American television.

At that time, Sarnoff predicted annual color TV sales would reach 1. While lauding the technical prowess of his engineers who had developed color TV, David Sarnoff, in marked contrast to William Paley of CBS, did not disguise his dislike for popular TV programs. His authorized biography even boasted that "no one has yet caught him in communion with one of the upper dozen or so top-rated programs" and "The popular programs, to put the matter bluntly, have very little appeal for him.

Ina few months before the United States entered World War II, the cornerstone was laid for a research and development facility in Princeton, New Jersey called RCA Laboratories.

Led for many years by Elmer Engstromit was used to develop many innovations, including color televisionthe electron microscopeCMOS -based technology, heterojunction physics, optoelectronic emitting devicesliquid crystal displays LCDs alchemy trend catcher trading system, videocassette recordersdirect broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television.

During World War II, RCA was involved in radar and radio development in support of the war effort, and ranked 43rd among United States corporations in the value of wartime military production contracts. The RCA Service Corporation provided support and resistance charts forex numbers of forex world shipping rates for the Distant Early Warning DEW Line.

RCA units won five Army—Navy "E" Awards for Excellence in production. InRCA sold its Estate large appliance operations to Whirlpool Corporation. As part of the transaction, Whirlpool was given the right to market "RCA Whirlpool" appliances through the mids. RCA was one of a number of companies in the s that entered the mainframe computer field in order to challenge the market leader International Business Machines IBM see also: Although at this time computers were almost universally used for routine data processing and scientific research, in Sarnoff, who prided himself as a visionary, predicted that "The computer will become the hub of a vast network of remote data stations and brokers short penny stocks banks feeding into the machine at a transmission rate of a billion or more bits of information a second Eventually, a global communications network handling voice, data and facsimile will instantly link man to machine—or machine to machine—by land, air, underwater, and space circuits.

RCA's TSOS operating system was the first mainframe, demand paging, virtual memory operating system on the market. Sperry Rand 's UNIVAC division took over the RCA base in January RCA Graphic Systems Division GSD was an early supplier of electronics designed for the printing and publishing industries. It contracted with German company Rudolf Hell to market adaptations of the Digiset photocomposition system as the Videocomp, and a Laser Color Scanner.

The Videocomp was supported by a Spectra computer that ran the Page-1 and, later the Page-II and FileComp composition systems.

RCA later sold the Videocomp rights to Information International Inc. RCA became a major proponent of the eight-track tape cartridgewhich it launched in The eight-track cartridge initially had a huge and profitable impact on the consumer marketplace.

Sales of the 8-track tape format declined when consumers increasingly favored the 4-track compact cassette tape format developed by Philips. On January 1,Robert Sarnoff succeeded his father as RCA's president, although the elder Sarnoff remained in control as chairman of the board. Inthe company name was changed from "Radio Corporation of America" to the "RCA Corporation", to reflect its broader range of corporate activities and expansion into other countries. At the end of that same year David Sarnoff, after being incapacitated by a long-term illness, was removed as the company's chairman of the board.

He died two years later. RCA's exit from the mainframe computer market marked a milestone in its transition from technology toward diversification as a business conglomerate.

During the late s and s the company made a wide-ranging series of acquisitions, including Hertz rental carsBanquet frozen foodsCoronet carpetingRandom House publishing and Gibson greeting cards. Robert Sarnoff's time as president was unsuccessful, marked by falling profits. He was ousted in a in a " boardroom coup " led by Anthony Conrad, who became the new company president.

Conrad resigned less than a year later after he admitted failing to file income tax returns for six years. His successor, Edgar H. Griffiths, proved to be unpopular and retired in early Thornton Bradshaw would be the next, and last, RCA president. RCA maintained its high standards of engineering excellence in broadcast engineering and satellite communications equipment, but ventures such as the NBC radio and television networks declined.

AroundRCA corporate strategy reported on moving manufacture of its television sets to Mexico. RCA was still profitable inwhen it switched manufacturing of its VHS VCRs from Panasonic to Hitachi. Projects attempting to establish new consumer electronics products lost money. An RCA Studio II home video game console, introduced inwas canceled just under two years later due to poor sales.

A capacitance electronic CED videodiscmarketed under the SelectaVision name, was launched inbut never developed the manufacturing volumes needed to substantially bring down its price, and was unable to compete against cheaper, recordable videotape technology.

It was abandoned in for a write-off of several hundred million dollars. InRCA Broadcast Systems Division moved from Camden, New Jerseyto the site of the RCA antenna engineering facility in Gibbsboro, New Jersey. On October 3,RCA announced it was closing the Broadcast Systems Division.

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The building now houses shops and luxury loft apartments. The only RCA unit which GE retained was Government Services. InRCA Global Communications Inc. For information on the RCA brand aftersee RCA trademark.

That same year, its semiconductor business including the former RCA Solid State unit and Intersil was bought by Harris Corporation. Sarnoff Labs was put on a five-year plan whereby GE would fund all the labs' activities for the first year, then reduce its support to near zero after the fifth year. This required Sarnoff Labs to change its business model to become an industrial contract research facility. In it was transferred to SRI International SRI as the David Sarnoff Research Centerand subsequently renamed the Sarnoff Corporation.

In January it was fully integrated into SRI. GE sold all of its radio station holdings to various owners, and the NBC Radio Network to Westwood One. Ina controlling interest in the National Broadcasting Companyby this time part of the multimedia NBC Universal venture that included TV and cable, was sold by GE to Comcastand in Comcast acquired the remaining interest.

Most collectable are the pre-war television sets manufactured by RCA beginning inincluding the TRK-5, TRK-9 and TRK models. The historic RCA Victor Building 17, the " Nipper Building ", in Camden, New Jerseywas converted to luxury apartments in The Nipper stained glass atop the "Nipper Tower" in the former Building A later variation of this logo was revived by BMG after it bought RCA Records from GE, which is still used by Sony Music.

RCA Pavilion at the New York World's Fair. Victor Talking Machine's His Master's Voice logo with Nipper RCA Victor Red Seal Records label, s. Arthur Fiedler demonstrates the new RCA Victor 45rpm player and record in February RCA Studio B recording studio in Nashville, Tennessee ; known in the s for being part of the Nashville sound.

Zworykin with an early experimental TV. Grace Brandt and Eddie Albert in a NBC television program The Honeymooners-Grace and Eddie Show using an early RCA camera. Television test pattern created by RCA in RCA TSthe first mass-produced television set, sold in — RCA Studio II home video game console RCA Colortrak TV set, using the CTC chassis, c.

RCAsometimes known as the COSMAC, an 8-bit CMOS microprocessor from From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the former RCA Corporation. For information on products bearing the RCA trademark sincesee RCA trademark. For the record label of the same name, see RCA Music Group and RCA Records.

For the home electronic audio and video connector, see RCA connector. For other uses, see RCA disambiguation. David Sarnoff in Edwin Armstrong at RCA. RCA Nipper atop the old RCA distribution building, Broadway, Albany, New York. RCA Dimensia TV logo s. RCA BX Bi-Directional Velocity Microphone. RCA connector used for audio and video. Business portal Electronics portal. IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 1 June Howeth, USN Retired, pages Hogan, Popular Science MonthlyNovemberpages Archer,pages America in Control Of Its Wireless".

Aitken,pages, Random House,p. May,Federal Communications Commission, pages May,Federal Communications Commission, page Volume 3 by Alan Douglas,pages The Edison approach used a microgroove vertically recorded disc with 20 minutes playing time per side. Industrial Design Weblog, A History of Records". May,Federal Communications Commission, pages This method was developed prior to helical scanningused in commercial and home tape machines.

The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis Harvard Business School p. Retrieved 25 February Feder, New York TimesSeptember 4, Retrieved June 1, Master Thesis, National Taiwan University. Hunter and Sonia I. An Introduction to the Geography of Water Pollution in Puerto Rico"Soc. It shows the replacement of the replacement of the original glass. The TV is playing an episode of the Superman television program.

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Acquired by GE invarious divisions liquidated. Name changed to RCA Corporation on May 9, New York CityNew YorkU. Owen YoungDavid Sarnofffirst general manager. Radios Vacuum tubes Phonograph records Electric Phonograph RCA Photophone Televisions Videodisc Satellites. Wikimedia Commons has media related to RCA.

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